salah konsep

sumber tentang kondom;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom. sori dalam bahasa inggris.

n preventing STDs
A giant condom on the Obelisk of Buenos Aires, Argentina, part of an awareness campaign for the 2005 World AIDS Day
See also: Safe sex

Condoms are widely recommended for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). They have been shown to be effective in reducing infection rates in both men and women. While not perfect, the condom is effective at reducing the transmission of organisms that cause AIDS, genital herpes, cervical cancer, genital warts, syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and other diseases.[47] Condoms are often recommended as an adjunct to more effective birth control methods (such as IUD) in situations where STD protection is also desired.[52]

According to a 2000 report by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), correct and consistent use of latex condoms reduces the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission by approximately 85% relative to risk when unprotected, putting the seroconversion rate (infection rate) at 0.9 per 100 person-years with condom, down from 6.7 per 100 person-years.[53] Analysis published in 2007 from the University of Texas Medical Branch [54] and the World Health Organization[55] found similar risk reductions of 80–95%.

The 2000 NIH review concluded that condom use significantly reduces the risk of gonorrhea for men.[53] A 2006 study reports that proper condom use decreases the risk of transmission of human papillomavirus to women by approximately 70%.[56] Another study in the same year found consistent condom use was effective at reducing transmission of herpes simplex virus-2 also known as genital herpes, in both men and women.[57]

Although a condom is effective in limiting exposure, some disease transmission may occur even with a condom. Infectious areas of the genitals, especially when symptoms are present, may not be covered by a condom, and as a result, some diseases can be transmitted by direct contact.[58] The primary effectiveness issue with using condoms to prevent STDs, however, is inconsistent use.[26]

Condoms may also be useful in treating potentially precancerous cervical changes. Exposure to human papillomavirus, even in individuals already infected with the virus, appears to increase the risk of precancerous changes. The use of condoms helps promote regression of these changes.[59] In addition, researchers in the UK suggest that a hormone in semen can aggravate existing cervical cancer, condom use during sex can prevent exposure to the hormone.[60]
Causes of failure

Condoms may slip off the penis after ejaculation,[61] break due to improper application or physical damage (such as tears caused when opening the package), or break or slip due to latex degradation (typically from usage past the expiration date, improper storage, or exposure to oils). The rate of breakage is between 0.4% and 2.3%, while the rate of slippage is between 0.6% and 1.3%.[53] Even if no breakage or slippage is observed, 1–2% of women will test positive for semen residue after intercourse with a condom.[62][63] "Double bagging", using two condoms at once, is often believed to cause a higher rate of failure due to the friction of rubber on rubber.[64][65] This claim is not supported by research. The limited studies that have been done on the subject support that double bagging is likely not harmful and possibly beneficial.[66][67]

Different modes of condom failure result in different levels of semen exposure. If a failure occurs during application, the damaged condom may be disposed of and a new condom applied before intercourse begins – such failures generally pose no risk to the user.[68] One study found that semen exposure from a broken condom was about half that of unprotected intercourse; semen exposure from a slipped condom was about one-fifth that of unprotected intercourse.[69]

Standard condoms will fit almost any penis, with varying degrees of comfort or risk of slippage. Many condom manufacturers offer "snug" or "magnum" sizes. Some manufacturers also offer custom sized-to-fit condoms, with claims that they are more reliable and offer improved sensation/comfort.[18][70][71] Some studies have associated larger penises and smaller condoms with increased breakage and decreased slippage rates (and vice versa), but other studies have been inconclusive.[28]

Condom thickness is not associated with condom breakage, thinner condoms are as effective as thicker ones.[72] Nevertheless, it is recommended for condoms manufactures to avoid very thick, or very thin condoms, because they are both considered less effective.[73] Some authors even encourage users to choose thinner condoms "for greater durability, sensation, and comfort",[74] but others warn that "the thinner the condom, the smaller the force required to break it".[75]

Experienced condom users are significantly less likely to have a condom slip or break compared to first-time users, although users who experience one slippage or breakage are more likely to suffer a second such failure.[76] An article in Population Reports suggests that education on condom use reduces behaviors that increase the risk of breakage and slippage.[77] A Family Health International publication also offers the view that education can reduce the risk of breakage and slippage, but emphasizes that more research needs to be done to determine all of the causes of breakage and slippage.[28]

Among people who intend condoms to be their form of birth control, pregnancy may occur when the user has sex without a condom. The person may have run out of condoms, or be traveling and not have a condom with them, or simply dislike the feel of condoms and decide to "take a chance." This type of behavior is the primary cause of typical use failure (as opposed to method or perfect use failure).[78]

Another possible cause of condom failure is sabotage. One motive is to have a child against a partner's wishes or consent.[79] Some commercial sex workers from Nigeria reported clients sabotaging condoms in retaliation for being coerced into condom use.[80] Using a fine needle to make several pinholes at the tip of the condom is believed to significantly impact their effectiveness.[50]:306-307[63]
Prevalence

atau, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misconceptions_about_HIV_and_AIDS

In the United States, the main route of infection for males is via homosexual sex, while for women transmission is primarily through heterosexual contact.^[28] Nevertheless, HIV can infect anybody, regardless of age, sex, ethnicity, or sexual orientation.^{[29][30][31][32][33][34]} It is true that anal sex (regardless of the gender of the receptive partner) carries a higher risk of infection than most sex acts, but most penetrative sex acts between any individuals carry some risk. Properly used condoms can reduce this risk.


intinya kondom mengurangi resiko. bukan seratus persen dapat perlindungan darinya. jadi terserah anda.